----- Original Message ----- From: "Vicky" To: <undisclosed-recipients:> Sent: Thursday, June 13, 2002 10:14 AM Subject: [LING-TW] 910613-2- William Bright æ¼è¬-6/28

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> 說 æï¼ä¸»è¬äººï¼Prof. William Bright
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> Orthography
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> Website: <http://www.ling.sinica.edu.tw/>
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> Writing Systems: Origins, Typology, Practical
> Orthography
>
>
>
> William Bright, University of Colorado
>
>
>
> Abstract
>
>
>
> Recent studies in written languages have clarified how writing
> systems (scripts)
> are invented, evolve, and are adapted to otherlanguages. The origins and
> the typology
> of scripts are interrelated, yet partly independent. We distinguish
> pictographic scripts,
> which are not written language, but from which writing systems may
> arise; logographic
> scripts, like that of Chinese; syllabaries, likeJapanese kana; and
> alphabets. This last
> category is in turn divided into abugidas (e.g. Arabic),
> alphasyllabaries (e.g. the native
> scripts of India and SE Asia), and alphabets proper (e.g. Greek, Roman,
> Cyrillic).
> Alphabetic systems that have been developed for East Asian languages
> include Korean
> hangul and Chinese bopomofo.
>
> Some languages use a mixture of features; thus European languages
> use logographs
> like â2â and â+â along with alphabetic symbols. Japanese combines
> kanji (Chinese
> logographs) with kana (syllabary) as well as roman letters. In the
> Chinese area,
> Taiwanese and Cantonese are sometimes written with roman letters
> supplementing Chinese
> characters.
>
> Some languages have had changes in their writing systems in recent
> centuries.
> Vietnamese once used an adaptation of Chinese characters, but it now
> uses the roman
> alphabet, with numerous added diacritics. Among minority nationalities
> in mainland China,
> languages like Uighur (Turkic) and Dehong (Dai) have been sometimes
> written in the
> roman alphabet, but they now use adaptations of Arabic script and of a
> native Dai system.
> The Yi (Lolo) language, which once used a logographic script inspired by
> that of
> Chinese, now uses a very large syllabic script.
>
> When writing systems are invented or adapted by missionaries,
> educators etc., it is
> important to respect several criteria, related to the facts mentioned
> above: (a) The value
> of traditional scripts, where they exist, should be recognized. (b)
> Nevertheless, scripts
> should reflect accurate grammatical and phonological analyses. (c) The
> phonological
> structures of some languages may be well represented by syllabic, rather
> than alphabetic
> scripts. (d) Consideration should be given to whether a script
> corresponds more to
> morphophonemic or to purely phonemic structure. (e) Relationships to
> existing scripts,
> politically or socially dominant, should be considered. (f) Differences
> in handwritten and
> typographic styles should be taken into account. All these criteria are
> relevant to the
> writing systems used for the aboriginal Formosan languages of Taiwan,
> such as Amis and
> Paiwan.
>
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